Chapter 1085: Chapter 993: The Crown Princess Arrives
Godan quickly stood up and said, “Your Highness, given the current state of our national debt, I think we can issue a batch of ‘special governnt bonds’.
“A scale of 50 million francs, 10 to 20-year term, with an interest rate of 6% to 8%, should attract many subscribers.”
With the prestige established by France’s defeat of the Anti-French Alliance and France’s current montum, even though the bonds have relatively low interest rates, they will still attract many investors seeking stable inco.
Joseph nodded, “But that is still far from enough.”
Currently, the Industrial Developnt Fund has only 14 million francs on its books, and with the 50 million in bonds, it’s still far from enough for the massive industrial developnt plan.
Joseph was well aware that this was still without the trains.
Once the train revolution begins, the enormous investnt in laying railroads could almost exhaust the nation’s idle funds.
Just like the early 19th-century United States, for the construction of two railroads, it nearly led to national bankruptcy.
Therefore, it is not only necessary to raise funds for the “Industrial Developnt Plan” but also to strategically plan for future financing channels to anticipate future funding needs.
As a mature financier, Godan imdiately added, “Your Highness, we can also sell stocks in companies such as the United Steam Engine Company and the Paris Pharmaceutical Factory.
“Honestly, the Paris Stock Exchange is not currently playing its rightful role.
“Companies with good profitability like these can attract a large number of investors in a short ti.”
Yes, due to France’s strict restrictions on the stock market, the Paris Stock Exchange currently has only seven listed companies, and the public’s enthusiasm for stock market investnt isn’t high.
Godan’s words reminded Joseph. Indeed, when it cos to industrial investnt, the stock market is undoubtedly the most convenient tool.
Not only the Paris Stock Exchange, but it can also be listed on the Dutch Stock Exchange. Although the Netherlands is a small country, its financial capital dares to challenge the British.
Joseph imdiately thought that the Italian nobles also had a large amount of idle funds in their hands.
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The last ti, I will definitely update on ti tomorrow!
Scheele (K.W. Scheele, 1742–1786), a famous Swedish chemist of the late 18th century, was one of the earliest discoverers of oxygen. In 1773, Scheele produced relatively pure oxygen by two thods. One was by heating compounds containing oxygen such as potassium nitrate, rcuric oxide, or silver carbonate; the other was by co-heating pyrolusite (main component is manganese dioxide) with concentrated sulfuric acid. He found that when a substance combusted with the gas produced by these two thods, the gas would disappear, thus he called it “fire air”. Scheele was born on December 19, 1742, in southern Sweden. His formal profession was a pharmacist, but he always had a strong interest in chemistry, and he repeated all the experints from the chemical books of that ti at a very early age. He lived a poor life but persisted in conducting a large number of chemical experints in a poorly equipped laboratory. He later died of asthma on May 21, 1786, at the age of only 44. In his short life, Scheele made many other important inventions and discoveries. For instance, in 1714, he was the first to use manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid to produce chlorine; in 1781, he discovered tungstenite; in 1782, he was the first to produce ether. Additionally, he was the inventor of the famous green pignt “Scheele’s Green”. The now well-known fact that “ashes contain phosphorus” was also first discovered by Scheele. In recognition of Scheele’s significant contributions to chemistry, the Swedish Academy of Sciences erected a statue of Scheele in Stockholm Square.
Priestley (J. Priestley, 1733–1804), a renowned British chemist of the late 18th century, like Scheele, is considered one of the earliest discoverers of oxygen. On August 1, 1774, Priestley placed rcuric oxide in a specially made glass bottle, heated it with a lens, and found that it quickly released gas. He used water displacent to collect the gas produced and placed candles and mice in it. He found that in this gas, the candle burned vigorously, and the mouse lived longer than in air. He then wrote “Experints and Observations on Different Kinds of Air”. In this book, he was the first in the scientific community to detail the various properties of oxygen. Although Priestley independently discovered oxygen, he nad it “dephlogisticated air” and did not recognize it as an important component of air. Compared to other chemists of his ti, Priestley used many new experintal techniques in his research, thus enjoying high academic prestige and was even called the “father of gas chemistry”. He had notable contributions in electronics, theology, and other natural sciences. In recognition of him, a full-length statue of Priestley stands in Leeds, England. The Arican Chemical Society has a Priestley dal specifically dedicated to him.
Lavoisier (A.L. Lavoisier, 1743–1794), a French Parisian, is the renowned chemist who overturned the phlogiston theory and established the oxygen theory of combustion. In 1773, Scheele first produced oxygen (he called it “fire air”); in 1774, Priestley also produced oxygen (he called it “dephlogisticated air”). However, neither discovered the important role of this gas in combustion. In 1774, Lavoisier conducted a famous tal calcination experint and noted the following fact: the mass of the retort flask with the reactant and the retort flask with the product had not changed, but the mass of the tal had increased. From this, Lavoisier analyzed that the increase in mass could only result from the combination of the tal with part of the air in the flask. Later experints validated his supposition. This led Lavoisier to greatly doubt the phlogiston theory and further propose a new hypothesis: the calx of a tal might be a compound of the tal and air. He attempted to decompose air directly from iron calx but was unsuccessful. Later, inspired by Priestley’s rcuric oxide decomposition experint, he repeated the experint successfully and officially nad the decompose-generated, combustion-supporting, breathing-aiding gas oxygen (oxygene) in 1777. Through this experint, Lavoisier finally concluded that the combustion of combustibles or the calcination of tals was not a decomposition reaction but a combination with oxygen, completely debunking the phlogiston theory’s notion of “tal – phlogiston = calx” and instead “tal oxygen = calx (oxide)”. Between 1772 and 1777, Lavoisier conducted nurous combustion experints and systematically analyzed each product and residual substance, and presented a report titled “On Combustion” to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1777. Shortly thereafter, experints on the synthesis and decomposition of water were also successful, leading to the universal acceptance of the oxygen theory of combustion. The establishnt of this theory unraveled the long-mysterious nature of combustion, showing that oxygen is a well-defined, asurable, and collectable gaseous substance. The phlogiston theory was completely debunked, marking the beginning of modern chemistry. Consequently, Lavoisier is praised by posterity as the founder of modern chemistry.
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